(sing0)    THE SINGULARITY     FriRndTbl 29Aug2014
0. INTRODUCTION
Pre-class Handout

As computers become more capable and the human interface more realistic or intelligent, at some point the distinction between machine and human becomes unclear. The Turing Test says if you are texting and you cannot tell if the other side of the chat is a computer or human, then that point has been reached. Some claim it was achieved in this year's contest.

I started the Basic English Institute in 2001 because of a surge of interest by robotists in natural language and where the completeness of Ogden's Basic English (a website established in 1996), yet with constraints of a limited vocabulary, was easy to program for machine communication. Larger computers no longer require this simiplification.

The mathematical singularity is the point at which parallel lines intersect. It is also a moment in time when artificial intelligence will have progressed to the point of an equal or a greater-than-human intelligence, thereby radically changing civilization.
Students of the singularity typically postulate an "intelligence explosion", where intelligences will design successive generations of increasingly powerful electronic minds -- that state might occur very quickly -- and might not stop until the agent's cognitive abilities greatly surpass that of any human.


The Singularity is a world-altering event that forever changes the course of human history. One could challenge that with, "so did the railroad". But there is a difference we will get to in a moment.

Terminology:Artificial Intelligence, or AI, computer intelligence, and robots will merge and can be considered the same thing in the near future . We will dispense with clever new wording and just say basic AI is what we are seeing now in "smart" applications. (We need a new word, which Madison Avenue will provide, because “smart” currently means “Internet enabled.” The expression AI will be meaningless to the public until a cute name is created.) For our purposes we now have basic AI that becomes advanced AI after The Singularity.

At the same time we will be having TransHuman developments through augmentation of human capabilities. This will be biologically based, as different from silicon-computer based. The fields will overlap in prosthetics, sensors, and manipulation. Also, drugs for improving thinking, losing weight and better health or richer experiences.

Neural networks. Duplicating or improving the human brain as a parallel activity or companion to computers. Cool!!. Intelligence augmentation competing with Artificial Intelligence. IA vs. AI. We have more experience with computers showing rapid growth which has a big head start over bio-science Johnny-come-lately.

Sentience is the ability to feel, perceive, or to experience subjectivity. Consider animal rights. Think = reason; take facts and draw conclusions.

Semantic -- related to meanings. Sematics presents the question of what does all this mean?

 
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More
capable machines will certainly be a boon.
Google
is building a car with no steering wheel or breaks.  Totally
autonomous.  Today.

	Will
advances in intelligent machines be considered an unmitigated good as
was, say, the plow and the pill.  Or will there be a threat with
Luddites fighting against the future.   Corn was once the size of
rye, but through genetic selection we now have corn plants with
multiple giant ears and is very productive.  GMOs speed up the
process, yet are resisted in some camps.  Did the sexual revolution
that followed the pill result in good or bad?  I personally liked it
when woman wore dresses, had long hair, wore heels, and tended house.
 You may have different views.  There is no sunshine without shadows.

	Household
appliances changed society, generally considered good and
progressive. Instead of spending all-day washing on Monday, and if it
rained so that clothes could not be hung out to dry, they went into
the frig to prevent mildew.  Today we toss a load in the machine when
needed, rain or shine.  What will the robotic housekeeper, scheduler,
and sex mate do to change society?  

The
mechanics of sex dolls have been around for years. The latest trick
is to add conversation.  Some now come loaded with information on all
sorts of topics, in addition to sports statistics.  "How was
your day" is a good start.  When the house robot can massage the
feet of a woman or the back of a man, they will become common
appliances that exceed the capabilities of many spouses.  [duck]
A
sympathetic fembot (female robot) will be cheap just
for the peace of mind that her lawyers will not send a sheriff around
to serve you with papers while in the middle of teaching a class on
programming.
Progress
is not without issues.   Will there be a backlash?  Justified or not?
Some
in this class will cry out that evil capitalists will make filthy
riches and the poor will be out of work and barely survive, while the
wealthy, rich businessmen, politicians, and generals will get the
human augmentation, the toys, the benefits of the new technology
first and perhaps exclusively.  My issue today is not of social
issues, but of technology and its ultimate effect on all of mankind. 
Though the subject is not without a bit of ethics included for you to
ponder.

Part
of a Steven Hawking interview about Artificial Intelligence.
    SH.
 Your average robot could simply design improvements to itself and
outsmart us all.
    xx.
 Should we be excited about fighting with robots, like in the movies?
    SH.
 Hawking offered a very scientific response: "You would lose."

Consider
a chess playing robot.  We have previously posted that an intelligent
robot designed for a task may very well determine that humans
interfere with its mission and neutralize that obstacle.
Isn't
that a principle element in 2001, a Space Odyssey (1968)? 
Really, 45 years ago, al'ready?

Mathamatica
used to advertize a 10% reduction in size and a 10% increase in speed
of its programs every year.  I was impressed before working for
Fisher and found how easy that is to accomplish. Diagnostical
programs can now improve other programs.  Every time it runs, is
makes further improvements, and then again.  A computer program does
not need to run on an annual budget cycle, but can make iterations
one after another resulting in very rapid progress.  If the program
it is improving is itself, then we have progress on top of progress,
and a very rapid recursive self-improvement -- exponential growth of
capabilities.  
	Linear
growth;		1,   2,   3,    4,      5,          6,     7,              
8 
	Geometric:	
	1,   2,   4,    8,    16,        32,   64,            128 
	Exponential:	
	1,   2,   4,  16,  256,  65,536,  4.2 billion,  

Solar
energy, which has been a national disappointment (and a personal
stock loss) is now 1% of energy production, but has doubled every two
years, even though not reaching our hopes.  Solar now provides 1% of
national need. By simple geometric doubling:   2%,  4%,  8%,  16% ,
32%.  In the next decade, the energy crisis and global warming are
solved.

If
I were to moderate a Friday discussion group session, it would begin
: "Something interesting is going to happen in 26 years.  We may
not see it, but our children will see it and it may start changing
their lives, and certainly our grand children's world  will be very
much different.  Our discussion today is to consider how it will
change society, 
Or,
actually ... change all of what we know of as civilization"
Computers.
 Over the next couple of decades we will see increased use of
computer for making life better.  The fields of Artificial
Intelligence, robotics, genetic engineering, nanotechnology will
spill forth results that are now underway.  Technology will start to
fulfill its promise upon mankind.

For
the near future will see the pace of technological change so rapidly,
its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed.
 One might say that about every century and every decade, and it is
true.  But changes coming include machines and biology becoming
indistinguishable.  Virtual worlds will be more vivid and captivating
then reality.  Nanotechnology will enable manufacturing on demand,
ending hunger and poverty and delivering cures for all of mankind's
diseases.  Stop body aging, even reverse it.  Allow greater
intellectual achievement than ever before.

	Consider
the Harry Potter stories.  They are imaginary, but are not
unreasonable visions of our world in the next few decades -- all the
"magic" will be realized through these technologies.  The
holodeck of Star Trek will be reproduced by Goggle glasses
directly on the retina of your eye.  Or directly to your brain

Artificial
Intelligence.  The topic today is entitled The Singularity.  
This is based upon Artificial Intelligence and some other things.   A
formal definition might be: "a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success."
 We can think of it as computers and software that interaction with
humans.  The central problems addressed by AI research include
reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing
(communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate
objects.  AI research is deeply divided into subfields and
multi-disciplines including computer science, psychology,
linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience.

Practical
applications are called expert systems to replace or exceed
performance of once-human tasks. Popular tasks today are to play
chess, to drive vehicles in city traffic, to win at Jeopardy, to
provide the 3D body motion interfaces in X-Box, and the voice
interface with iPhone's Siri. And new this week,
Nokia
“Cortana” smart phone

AI
problem solving involves logical deduction from a store of
information, and step by step reasoning, that a human does
unthinkingly in solving a puzzle, but requires massive amounts of
computer resources.  Optimizing programming algorithms is a priority.
 Once a sub-task has been solved (such as handing of time, dates,
chronology), then that module can be installed in other algorithms
and further optimized in an ongoing basis.

Natural
language processing gives machines the ability to understand the
meanings that humans use in speech, writing, motions ... including
facial expression. 

Affective
computing is development of systems that can recognize,
interpret, process, and simulate human emotions.  Important in that
an expected early use of robotics is in service, support, and
personal care applications.  This may be our class' chief interface
with robotic in nursing homes.

Machine
creativity is still in the study stages, is at the level of trying to
understand and support human creativity.  When machines become
creative ...  then what?
	Machines
create new music by following rules uncovered by analyzing existing
music. A computer generates Associated Press reports on U.S.
corporate earnings stories.  Would you believe that a company in
Durham, NC generated 100,000 automatically written sports articles
for towns not covered by journalists.  Sports scores are not
stimulating prose, but are entirely undetectable as not by a human. 
“Bobcats down West Marshall 20 to 14 in a home game." 
Some
TV shows are so routine that a machine might uncover a pattern of
story lines.  You can also see the level of accomplishment required
for a machine to interpret and create human speech.  Ahh, “Watson”
has been created by IBM.

Genetics
and Human
Augmentation.  Lets skip these for now, but are major parts of
The Singularity.

NanoTechnology
is manipulation of matter at the molecular level. Quantum mechanical
effects are important at this level.  Areas of interest include: 
phase intersections (surface technology), organic chemistry,
molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, and
developing new materials with direct control of matter on the atomic
scale.
	For
our purposes, nanotech is involved with manipulating DNA.  I know
little about the bio-side leading to The Singularity.  But a 3D
printer can mix ingredients to create dinner.

This
report covered way too much territory and the original 30 pages of
notes have drastically truncated out the topics of  Human
Enhancement, Genetic Engineering, and NanoTechnolgy and concentrates
on the subtopics of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, about which
both you and I think we might know something.  A fuller report is
available at our Creative Retirement website at
	http://www.manorweb.com/creative/2014/singularity.html
(Didn't
know we had a website, did you.)

One
big name predicts the singularity to occur around 2045 whereas
another predicts some time before 2030.  Singularity Summit is a
multi-day program addressing the latest developments and disruptive
influences of exponentially growing technologies.  The 2012
Singularity Summit, included a query of advanced AI and found a wide
range of predicted dates, with a median value of 2040. (Range between
2015! and 2045)   Thus, a child born today will be just
reaching his career competence, 5-years out of college.

Together
the world's thought leaders along with participants explore areas
such as biotechnology & bioinformatics, energy &
environmental systems, networks & computing systems, AI &
robotics, medicine & neuroscience, and nanotechnology.

Singularity
University. 
http://SingularityU.org/
.  Mission is to educate, inspire and empower leaders to apply
exponential technologies to address humanity’s grand
challenges.  It takes an optimistic view up through The Singularity 


Do
you watch the TV show Person of Interest?.  That started out
as fiction, then we found that it is actually commonplace NSA
activity.  The self-improving, independent thinking aspect of the
story may just be something that has not leaked to the press yet. 
Where is the next Snowden?

When
I subscribed to "Futurist" back in the 1960s, this
was next century stuff.  No more :  We are in that next century --.
with only 20-30 years to go.

(a)
 Is general world intelligence growing?  Birth control among the
knowledgeable and unrestricted population growth by the lower
classes, suggests that world IQ - | will fall | is
falling | has fallen | .
(b)
 And people are worrying about climate change that will be barely
noticeable by the end of the century.
(c)
 You could still be alive during The Singularity.

  I
would like to think through the impact of all this with you,  how it
will start to be used, by whom, for what?  There is so little thought
by a dumbed-down society, that some rational smarts, even if by
machines,  must be for the better.  But will it?  I like to think
that engineering applications for the betterment of the world would
be first, such as for safer, cheaper travel ; more productivity ;
more leisure (or sloth).  The finance people on Wall Street will no
doubt corner the newest machines and programs for self-enrichment. 
Government will big brother it to stay in power.  How will
that be done?  (Is Person of Interest a guide?).  Will machine
independence allow Artificial Intelligence to decide that mankind is
a primacy . , , or that it is a problem? 
     If
a problem, how will it address it?  It the olden days we would have
wars to kill off the riff-raft as cannon fodder.  Will the machine(s)
have a meeting online and plot the reduction of excess population If
so, of whom : a percentage at random, by some metric, empty out
prisons, hospitals, and slums like Hitler and Castro did?  
     If
it determines that mankind is  a primacy (a'la  Isaac Asimov)
how will it proceed?  Will they have a Bilderberg Group-like meeting
to decides how to optimize the world?  Or improve mankind?  What to
optimize?  How to accomplish?  What will be the reaction of the
public?  Will the masses be fed benefits and kept in the dark until
it is accomplished (or till it becomes too late to interfere?).  
     Will
the machines have input from human counterparts to provide a balance,
adding hopes and dreams to the machine-based, rational decision
making?  What will become of government? -- the machines can run a
decent bureaucracy. (I may have lost blind faith in democracy and
capitalism, which are better than any other forms ; only free
enterprise works, but is anything really free?)  What about planning
and direction of major efforts of society?  Of civilization?  
     Will
the machines take on a religious and ecumenical tone?  Will it create
a virtual President, a Josiah Bartlet (Martin Sheen) to lead the way
from the West Wing?  Should our children welcome AI or be suspicious?


Endless
discussion points.  Other than war with the robots, popular fiction
has not significantly addressed the subject since George Orwell in
1949 looked 35 years into his future, 1984.  

We
have less time than that, only 26 years.


There
will be two 20 minute videos.

FriRndTbl			THE
SINGLULARITY				29Aug2014
				Web
page Outline

0. 
INTRODUCTION. This
memo

I. THE
NOW			-5 - +5 years.		2010-2019		
  A.
Robotics							
  B.
Artificial Intelligence 		
  C.
Augmentation / Genetics / Eugenics			
  D.
Nanotechnology						
  E.
Projects

II.
NEAR FUTURE		5 to 25 years 		2020--2039
  A	Robotic
servants					
		Auto,
Home
  B  	AI
/ robotics
  C	Genetics
  D	Nanomedical
  E	Automated
War

III 
THE SINGULARITY	26 years 			2040
	Turing
test
	Philosophy

IV.
AFTER THE SINGULARITY  27- 36 years		2041-205_?
	Golden
Age
	Smarter
than man.
	How it
will happen

V. 
WHAT NEXT?					205_? until the end of humanity
	Goals
	Self
Awareness - if not, might as well be
	The
experience with inferior races.
	Human
condition		Walmart
people, war
	Does it
matter?
	They
servants or us slaves.
	End of
the human era



"My
desire to be well informed is at odds with 
my
desire to remain sane."



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	http://www.manorweb.com/creative/2014/singularity.html

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